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Muhammad IV of Morocco
Moulay Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman, also known as Muhammad IV (1830 in Fez – 16 September 1873 in Fez) ((アラビア語:محمد الرابع)) was the Sultan of Morocco from 1859 to 1873. He was a member of the Alaouite dynasty.
== Military chief ==
Born in Fez, Moulay Muhammad was a son of the Alawite sultan Abd al-Rahman of Morocco. During his father's reign, Muhammad commanded the Moroccan army which was defeated by the French at the Battle of Isly in August 1844.
After the defeat, with his father's permission, Moulay Muhammad used his capacity as army chief to launch on a series of significant military reforms in 1845.〔Laroui (1989: p.487)〕 He invited a group of Tunisian officers who had served in the Ottoman army to raise and train the first European-style regiment, the ''askari'', as a supplement to the usual palace guards (''abid'') and tribal troops (''ghish'' and ''nu'aib''). Muhammad IV set up the ''madrasa al-Muhandisin'', a military engineering school in Fez, supervised by the renegade French Count Joseph de Saulty (an artillery officer from Algiers, de Saulty defected after an amorous entanglement, and converted, taking up the name Abd al-Rahman al-Ali).〔Martinière (1889: (p.320 ))〕 Muhammad IV hired writers to translate various European textbooks on engineering and science. He was personally involved in the translation of the works of scientists such as Legendre, Newton and Lalande. He also struck deals with British Gibraltar and Egypt to receive regular contingents of Moroccan soldiers for artillery training.〔Laroui (1989: p.488)〕
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